Multiuse optical sensor

ABSTRACT

One or more electromagnetic radiation sources, such as a light emitting diode, may emit electromagnetic waves into a volume of space. When an object enters the volume of space, the electromagnetic waves may reflect off the object and strike one or more position sensitive detectors after passing through an imaging optical system such as glass, plastic lens, or a pinhole located at known distances from the sources. Mixed signal electronics may process detected signals at the position sensitive detectors to calculate position information as well as total reflected light intensity, which may be used in medical and other applications. A transparent barrier may separate the sources and detectors from the objects entering the volume of space and reflecting emitted waves. Methods and devices are provided.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application claims priority under 35 U.S.C. §119 to provisionalapplication 61/181,538, filed May 27, 2009, and entitled “APPLICATIONSFOR POSITION MEASUREMENT SYSTEMS USING POSITION SENSITIVE DETECTORS” andto provisional application 61/264,919, filed Nov. 30, 2009 and entitled“MULTIUSE OPTICAL SENSOR.” Both of these provisional applications areincorporated herein by reference in their entireties.

BACKGROUND

Optical sensing technology has been used to locate and track movement ofobjects in two and three dimensions. U.S. patent application Ser. No.12/327,511, filed Dec. 3, 2008, and entitled “Method of Location anObject in 3D” and U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/435,499, filed May5, 2009, and entitled “Optical Distance Measurement by Triangulation ofan Active Transponder” provide examples and details regarding howoptical sensing technology may be used to locate and track objects. Thecontents of both these patent applications are incorporated by referenceherein.

Some optical systems locate and track objects by placing one or morelight sources in a first object and one or more position sensitive lightdetectors in a second object. The location of the first object relativeto the second object may then be calculated using triangulation or othermathematical calculations based on the detected position of light fromthe light source(s) directly striking the detector(s). These opticalsystems may be limited to tracking objects equipped with either acomplementary light source or detector. Existing medical devices such asoptical heart rate monitors and blood oxygen level measurement devicesuse a light source, light detector, and simple photodetector geometry tocalculate heart rates or measure blood oxygen levels.

These existing optical pulse oximeters and heart rate monitors work byhaving a user place a transparent body part, such as a fingertip orearlobe between the light sources and detector(s). As the arterial bloodvessels expand and contract with each heartbeat, the amount of lightflowing through the body part changes. A user's heartbeat can bemeasured based on the change in light detected at the detector.Different colors of light are used to measure blood oxygen level sinceabsorbance of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood varies at differentcolors. In blood oxygen monitors, “locking” measurements to theheartbeat signal may allow some rejection of interference signals fromstagnant blood outside the arteries.

In order for these existing pulse oximeters and heart rate monitors toprovide reliable results, manufacturers have placed the light sourcesand detectors flush or close to the transparent body part. This was doneto prevent ambient light from reaching the detector, which caused signalinterference and inaccurate results. Light sources and detectors wereoften placed close the body part by a mechanical device, such as a clipor spring, which also requires additional maintenance. Manufacturershave also tried to reducing the effects of other sources of errorleading to inaccurate results, such as movements of the body part duringheart rate/photoplethysmograph (PPG) and oximetry measurements, byimplementing various algorithms to “guess” and reduce errors caused bybody part movements.

Another optical object location and tracking technique is used in someoptical mice. In this traditional technique, light is emitted from alight source in the bottom of the object, in this case a computer mouse;reflected off the surface of another object, such as desktop or mousepad; and detected by a relatively small pixel count CMOS camera whoseoutput when coupled with optical flow algorithm produces accuratevelocity measurement. This existing technique, however, is sensitive tointerference from ambient light and cannot be used in environments whereinterfering light from outside sources can reach the detector.

There is a need for an optical position and movement tracking devicethat can track objects unequipped with a complementary light source ordetector without being affected by interference from ambient light. Thisneed applies to both optical mouse applications as well as tomeasurements of medical information, such as PPG. There is also a needto integrate position tracking information with the medical measurementsso that movement errors from body part movements can be directly removedfrom PPG data instead of through “guessing” algorithms. There is also aneed to use position measurement information to guide a user inrepositioning their body part to an optimal location for measurement.There is also need for performing each of these functions in a“reflection mode” where light emitted from a source is reflected off theobject or body part and detected at a detector in order to avoidmechanical design and maintenance issues associated with placing anobject between a light source and detector or affixing a light source ordetector to the object.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 shows a method for measuring the location of focused light on aone-dimensional position sensitive device.

FIG. 2 shows a method for measuring the location of focused light on atwo-dimensional position sensitive device.

FIG. 3 shows a method for computing the location of an object in anembodiment.

FIG. 4 shows an embodiment with two light sources emitting modulatedlight reflected into a light detector.

FIG. 5 shows the configuration of electronics of an embodiment.

FIG. 6 shows an exemplary configuration of a light source and detectorin relation to a moving object.

FIG. 7 shows an embodiment with two light sources emitting light atpossibly different wavelengths and may be modulated so as to be uniquelyidentified.

FIG. 8 shows another exemplary configuration where a light source may bepositioned to emit light waves into a transparent barrier.

FIG. 9 shows an exemplary graph of the relative change of PPG intensityand centroid motion over time.

FIG. 10 shows exemplary data that may be measured in an embodiment.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Embodiments of the invention enable measurement of proximity, motion,and medical diagnostic functions from light reflected off a body part,and may be incorporated in compact, handheld devices. In an embodimentof the invention, one or more sources of electromagnetic radiation, alsoreferred to interchangeably as light, such as a light emitting diode,may emit electromagnetic waves into a volume of space. When an object inan embodiment enters the volume of space, the electromagnetic waves mayreflect off the object and strike one or more position sensitivedetectors after passing through imaging optics. Imaging optics mayinclude a glass, plastic, or pinhole lens located at known distancesfrom the sources and/or detectors. A transparent barrier may separatethe sources and detectors from the objects entering the volume of spaceand reflecting emitted waves. Mixed signal electronics may processdetected signals at the position sensitive detectors to calculate aposition of the object as well as an intensity of the light reflected bythe object. The object may be anything capable of reflecting light,including for example, a finger, body, tree, and vehicle.

The calculations may measure the position of the object and reflectedintensity of light as the object is moved both along the transparentbarrier and in the volume of space around the transparent barrier. Theelectronics may also be used to calculate additional information fromthe position and/or reflected intensity results including a proximity ofthe object to the detector; a pressure applied by an elastic object tothe surface of the transparent barrier; and medical informationincluding a heart rate, photoplethysmograph (PPG), or blood oxygencontent, if the object is a body part. In an embodiment, the sources andposition sensitive detectors may be modulated in the time or frequencydomain to prevent interference from ambient electromagnetic radiationand distinguish between signals from different light sources.

Embodiments of the invention include a single device and a signal chaincapable of multiple modalities. Position information of objects movingin the “air”, along the surface of a barrier, or both may be tracked,and the proximity of the object to a location, such as the surface ofthe barrier may be calculated. Other medical information, such as heartrate, PPG, and blood oxygen content may also be calculated.

Locating a Light Spot on a One-Dimensional Optical Detector

FIG. 1 illustrates measuring the location x 200 of focused light 245 ona linear position sensitive detector (PSD) 210. Light 202 emitted from alight source 201 may strike object 203, reflect 215 off the object, andpass through a focusing lens or aperture 220. After passing through thelens 220, the focused light 205 may fall on the PSD 210 with lightdistribution 245. The reflected light 215 may be modeled as if it were alight spot incident on the PSD 210. The light distribution 245 maygenerate lateral currents i₁ and i₂ in the PSD 210 and currents I_(L)225.1 and I_(R) 225.2 at respective electrical contacts 230.1, 230.2,which are provided at opposite ends of the linear PSD 210. The lateralcurrents i₁ and i₂ may be proportionate to the reflected light 215. Thecurrents I_(L) 225.1 and I_(R) 225.2 may be amplified by respectiveamplifiers 230.1, 230.2 and may be digitized for further processing bythe electronics (not shown).

The incident light may be modeled as if it were a light spot incident onthe PSD 210. The PSD has a length D 235. The electronics may calculatethe location x 200 of the spot by applying the following equation:

$x = {{\left( \frac{I_{L} - I_{R}}{I_{L} + I_{R}} \right)\frac{D}{2}} \equiv {\left( \frac{I_{L} - I_{R}}{I_{T}} \right)\frac{D}{2}}}$

In this case, the electronics may calculate x 200 from the center of thedetector 210. Note that this follows from the fact that the totalphotocurrent generated may be distributed among the two contacts 230.1,230.2 according to the resistance of the PSD 210 surface material. ThePSD 210 may be at distance S_(D) 240 from the center of another PSD (notillustrated).

Locating a Light Spot on a Two-Dimensional Optical Detector

FIG. 2 illustrates measuring the locations x 250 and y 255 of focusedlight 260 on a two-dimensional PSD 265. Just as in the previous example,light 202 emitted from a light source 201 may strike object 203, reflect270 off the object, and pass through a focusing lens or aperture 275.The reflected light 270 may pass through the lens 275, and becomesfocused light 260 that falls on the PSD 265 with light distribution 260that generates lateral currents i₁ . . . i₉ and currents I_(L) 280.1,I_(R) 280.2, I_(B) 280.3, and I_(F) 280.4 at respective electricalcontacts, 285.1, 285.2, 285.3, and 285.4. The currents I_(L) 280.1,I_(R) 280.2, I_(B) 280.3, and I_(F) 280.4 may be amplified by amplifiers(not illustrated) and may be digitized for further processing byadditional electronics (not illustrated).

The incident light may be modeled as if it were a light spot incident onthe PSD 265. The PSD 265 has a length of D_(X) 270.1 and D_(Y) 270.2.The electronics may calculate the location of x 250 and y 255 of thecentroid of the spot 260 by applying the following equations:

$y = {\frac{D_{y}}{2}\left( \frac{I_{F} - I_{B}}{I_{F} + I_{B}} \right)}$$x = {\frac{D_{x}}{2}\left( \frac{I_{L} - I_{R}}{I_{L} + I_{R}} \right)}$

In this case, the electronics may calculate x 250 and y 255 from thecenter of the detector 265. In embodiments, the electronics maycalculate adjustments to x 250 and y 255 to adjust for the position ofthe contacts 285. For example, in an embodiment the contacts 285 may beon the edges of the PSD 265. The electronics may then use equations fromcoordinate geometry to adjust the values for x 250 and y 255 to adjustfor the contacts 285 being located on the edges of the PSD 265. Inembodiments, the electronics may calculate adjustments to x 250 and y255 to adjust for the properties of the PSD 265. Note that this followsfrom the fact that the total photocurrent generated is distributed amongthe four contacts 285.1, 285.2, 285.3, and 285.4 according to theresistance of the PSD 265 surface material. The PSD 265 may be S_(D) 240from the center of another PSD (not illustrated).

Multiple Light Sources May be Tracked by Using Frequency or TimeModulation

The electronics may calculate the position of multiple light sourcesusing time modulation. For example, each light source may be turnedon-off in a predetermined sequence such that only one of the lightsources is on at any given time. In this embodiment, only the coordinatecorresponding to a particular light source may be measured during aprescribed time interval. Thus, the electronics may calculate positionaldata for all of the light sources on a time sharing basis. In anembodiment, the light sources may be pulsed and individual light sourcesgiven a window in time when each one is pulsed. The electronics may thencalculate the centroid of each of light source for each window of time.

Alternatively, the electronics may distinguish between the light sourcesusing frequency domain. For example, the light sources may be modulatedat unique frequencies f_(k). The currents I_(L) and I_(R) generated bythe optical detectors in response to receiving incident light from thelight sources may include frequency components characterized by thesemodulations, such as:

${I_{L}(t)} = {\sum\limits_{k = {sources}}\; {\int{{i_{lk}(x)}{\cos \left\lbrack {2\pi \; f_{k}t} \right\rbrack}x{x}}}}$${I_{R}(t)} = {\sum\limits_{k = {sources}}\; {\int{{i_{rk}\left( {D - x} \right)}{\cos \left\lbrack {2\pi \; f_{k}t} \right\rbrack}\left( {D - x} \right){x}}}}$

In the above equation, i_(k)(x) represent the individual spot sizedistributions from each of the remote light sources on the surface ofthe optical detectors. The electronics may use these equations todemodulate the left and the right currents I_(L) and I_(R) correspondingto each i_(k)(x) at each of the frequencies f_(k). Demodulating thecurrents at each frequency may differentiate light spots on the PSD'ssurface having different frequencies. The electronics may then calculatethe positions of the light sources using the aforementioned equationsapplied to each of the individual demodulated currents i_(kL)(x) andi_(kR)(x). Thus the electronics may calculate the location of multiplemodulated light sources. Furthermore, by repeatedly calculating thelocation of multiple light sources, the electronics may track changes inthe locations of the multiple light sources.

Calculating the Position of X, Y, and Z Coordinates

FIG. 3 illustrates the X 350.1 and Z 350.3 plane for computing thelocation 330 of an object 321 based on light from a light source 320reflected by the object 321. In an embodiment, a light source 320 emitslight reflected by an object 321 that is focused by optics 380 to formspots 347.1, 347.2 on the PSDs 370. The two PSDs 370 are connected toelectronics (not illustrated) which may include one or more operationalamplifiers and differencing and summing instrumentation amplifierconfigurations to measure the location of the spots 347.1, 347.2. S_(D)310 is the distance between the two PSDs 370. In an embodiment, thelocation of the spots 347.1, 347.2 may be measured relative to thecenter of the PSDs 390 as x_(L) 345.1 and x_(R) 345.2.

In an embodiment, the electronics measures the centroid of the intensitydistribution of the reflected light on the surface of the PSDs 370. Asdescribed herein, the electronics may calculate the position of multiplelight sources using time or frequency modulation. If f is the focallength of the aperture 380, which may be a slit in a housing, then foreach of the PSDs 370 the electronics (not illustrated) may calculate thelocation of the imaging spot using the following equations:

$x_{L} = {\frac{f}{Z}\left( {X + \frac{S_{D}}{2}} \right)}$$x_{R} = {\frac{f}{Z}\left( {X - \frac{S_{D}}{2}} \right)}$

Where x_(L) is 345.1, x_(R) is 345.2, Z is 350.3, and S_(D) is 310.After performing the above calculations, the electronics may calculate X350.1 from the following equation:

$X = {\left( \frac{S_{D}}{2} \right)\left( \frac{x_{L} - x_{R}}{x_{L} + x_{R}} \right)}$

Where x_(L) is 345.1, x_(R) is 345.2, X is 350.1, and S_(D) is 310.Having determined lateral position, the electronics may calculate the X350.1 and Z 350.3 from both the outputs of the PSDs as:

$Z = {\frac{f}{x_{L} - x_{R}}S_{D}}$

Where x_(L) is 345.1, x_(R) is 345.2, Z is 350.3, and S_(D) is 310.

Referring back to FIG. 1, if one or more of the PSDs 270 aretwo-dimensional, then the electronics may calculate the Y 175.2 locationdirectly by:

$Y = {\frac{{Zy}_{L}}{f} = {\frac{{Zy}_{R}}{f} = {\left( \frac{Z}{f} \right)\left( \frac{y_{L} + y_{R}}{2} \right)}}}$

Where Y is 175.2, y_(L) is 190.4, y_(R) is 190.6, and Z is 175.3. Fromthe above equations, the electronics may calculate the location of pointsource of light 130 by using the electrical signals generated by a pairof PSDs 170 in response to the incident light from the light source.

In an embodiment, the electronics may adjust the calculated location 330of the light source using correcting calculations that compensate fordistortions of the aperture 380. For example, the aperture 380 maydistort the position 347 of the centroid on the surface of the PSD 370due to effects such as pincushion, astigmatism, and other sources oferror. In an embodiment, the electronics may adjust the calculatedlocation 330 of the light source based on distortions caused by thedesign of the PSD 370. The electronics may be calibrated to tweak thecalculated adjustments to the location 330 of the light source.

Role of Light Source and Light Detector May be Reversed

FIG. 4 illustrates an embodiment of the present invention with two lightsources 620 emitting modulated light and a light detector 650. Each ofthe two or more light sources 620 may emit light of a differentwavelength that is reflected by an object 603 and detected by the lightdetector 650 to calculate the position P(X,Y,Z) of the object 603 and/orthe intensity of light reflected by the object. As illustrated below,the roles of the light detectors 650 and the light sources 620 may beinterchangeable.

Two light sources 620 can be used at a fixed separation S with a singlelight detector 650 that is part of a single device, such a portablecomputing device. The two light sources 620.1 and 620.2 may form twospots on the light detector 650 because of the aperture 670. Theelectronics may distinguish between the two light sources of differentwavelengths 620 using methods and apparatuses disclosed herein. Theelectronics may calculate the X and Y coordinates. The basic idea ofcalculating distances remains the same and is done by triangulation. Intriangulation, two separate triangles are imagined linking rays emergingfrom the each of the LEDs, reflecting off of the object, and forming twoimages (one from each LED) whose centroids are measured. From knowingthe distance between LEDs and the detector, as well as the parameters ofthe lens, the X, Y, and Z coordinates may be calculated. The average Xand Y coordinates are still given by similar equations as earlier:

$X = \frac{x_{1} + x_{2}}{2}$ $Y = \frac{y_{1} + y_{2}}{2}$

Where, x₁ 625.1 and x₂ 625.2 are the position of the two reflected spots680 from the center 655 of the light detector 650.

The Y coordinate may be calculated with data from either atwo-dimensional light detector 650 or a second light detector (notillustrated). The second light detector may be oriented differently thanthe light detector 650 and may be oriented along the y-axis. The Zcoordinate may be measured from the solution of two triangles. The twotriangle solution may also be used in an embodiment where the detectoris in the center, the two LEDs flank the detector on either side, andthe LEDs are separated by distance S, which may be the exact complimentof the earlier case. The electronics may calculate the proximity of theobject to the detector using stored values of the separation S of thelight sources 620 and stored values of the focal length f of theaperture 670. The electronics may then calculate Z by using thefollowing equation:

$Z = {\frac{f}{\left( {x_{2} - x_{1}} \right)}S}$

Where x₁ 625.1 and x₂ 625.2 are the position of the two reflected spots680.1, 680.2. For different geometry, such as shown in FIG. 4, one canderive the appropriate equations using measured centroids and simpletrigonometry.

FIG. 5 illustrates an embodiment for the electronics 710. Theelectronics 710 may include one or more memories 720, one or moreprocessors 730, and electronic components 740. The electronics 710 maycommunicate with other components through an input/output interface 760,which may include amplifiers connected to the sensor 750 that amplifyphotocurrents and prepare them for conversions by an analog to digitalconverter 770. The electronics 710 may be communicatively coupled to oneor more optical detectors 750 or PSDs (as illustrated) 750 or theelectronics 710 may be communicatively coupled to electronic components760, and the electronic components 760 may be directly communicativelycoupled to the one or more PSDs 750. The electronics 710 may calculatethe position of the movable object and/or the reflected light intensityby receiving data collected from the optical detectors 750. The data maybe processed by the electronic components 760 outside the electronics710 before being received by the electronics 710. The electronics 710may include an analog to digital converter 770 for converting the analogdata from the PSDs 750 and/or the electronic components 760 to digitaldata for processing by the processor 730. The memory 720 may be RAMand/or ROM and/or any type of memory able to store and retrieveinstructions and may include program instructions for determining theposition and/or rotation of one or more movable devices. The processor730 may be a computer processor, central processing unit (CPU), or othertype of processing device.

Multiple controllers 710 may be used to determine the position of themovable device. The electronics 710 may perform only part of thecalculating necessary to determine the position of the movable device.The electronic components 740 and 760 may include operationalamplifiers; amplifiers; differencing and summing instrumentationamplifier configurations to measure the location of the spot of light;analog to digital converters; a pair of current detectors, each coupledto the PSD edges, or two pair of current detectors for a two-dimensionallight detectors; wires for connecting the current detectors to the otherelectronic components; a pair of differential amplifiers to compare theleft-edge and right-edge currents from each light detector; and/or otherelectronic or electrical circuitry for implementing the functionality ofthe present invention. The electronic components may be positioned orgrouped in many ways as along as photocurrents may still be measured.For example, there may be one amplifier per output of the lightdetector, the light detectors may share a common set of amplifiers,there may be no differential amplifier, or there may be one or moredifferential amplifiers as part of the controller. Positionalinformation for the movable device may be computed entirely by onedevice or the computations may be divided among two or more devices.

The electronics 710 may include a single digital signal processingengine that can separate and track multiple light sources. Theelectronics 710 may receive data from PSDs 750 collected at a remotedevice and communicated to the electronics 710. For example, a remotegame controller containing PSDs 750 may communicate data from the PSDs750 wirelessly to the electronics 710 for the electronics 710 tocalculate the position or rotation of the remote controller. Theelectronics 710 may be communicatively coupled to many optical detectorsor PSDs 750 and/or light sources. The electronics 710 may be configuredto modulate a light source either in time or frequency so that the lightsource may be distinguished from other light sources. The electronics710 may be configured to calculate the rotation of an object based onthe spectrum of light received from multiple light sources.

In an embodiment, the light detectors may be PSDs and the PSDs may belinear light detectors that provide lateral currents at each end(left-edge (I_(L)) and right-edge (I_(R)) Currents) that vary dependingon the location of incident light on the PSD's surface. In anotherembodiment, the PSDs may be two dimensional. There may be four currentsprovided at each end of the PSDs (left-edge (I_(L)), right-edge (I_(R)),back-end (I_(B)), and front-edge (I_(F)) currents) that vary dependingon the location of incident light on the PSD's surface. The lightdetectors may include other embodiments.

In an embodiment, optics provided in a common housing with the lightdetectors may focus light from the light sources into a spot on thelight detector surface. The imaging optic or optics may be a pin hole, aslit, a fish eye lens, or any type of lens or device that tends to focusthe light on the PSD. Positional information may be determined bydetermining the centroid of the focused light or spot on the PSD surfaceand by using the focal properties of the imaging optics.

Additional light sources and/or detectors may be used to increase theaccuracy of locating the movable object, increase the area ofsensitivity, decrease the possible of the light detectors and/or sourcesfrom being obstructed, or increase the accuracy of the reflected lightintensity measurement. The light sources and detectors may be time orfrequency modulated to differentiate between light sources.

FIG. 6 shows an exemplary configuration of a light source 13 anddetector 14 in relation to a moving object 10. In this embodiment, theposition of a moving object 10 may be tracked and calculated using lightemitted from the light source/LED 13 that is reflected off the movingobject 10 and detected at the position sensitive detector 14 when themoving object is in the field of view of the detector. The stripedtriangular region 11 shows an exemplary range of the electromagneticwaves emitted from light source 13, whereas the solid lined triangularregion 12 shows an exemplary field of view of the position sensitivedetector 14. In an embodiment, a transparent barrier 15 may bepositioned between the object 10 and the light source 13 and detector14. The light source 13 and/or detector 14 may also include imagingoptics to improve accuracy. The imaging optics may be used to focus therange of light emitted from the light source 13, focus the field of viewof the detector 14, or both.

In an embodiment, the light 11 from the light source/LED 13 may bemodulated at a high frequency of several kHz, MHz, or more and theposition sensitive detector 14 and its associated electronics may besynchronized to the modulated light source. In an embodiment,synchronizing the modulation of the detector 14 and the light source 13in the time or frequency domain may result in the rejection of otherforms of electromagnetic radiation such as ambient lighting, whichgenerally may have frequency variations in the sub-kHz domain.Modulation may also be used to “decode” and differentiate the signalsfrom multiple light sources, each of whose reflection can be trackedindependently.

In an embodiment, position information of an object 10 may be calculatedat different rates. Calculating position information of the object 10 atfrequencies of hundreds or even thousands of Hertz may further increasepositioning accuracy and enable tracking of object 10 moving at highspeeds while reducing delay, such as additional frame processing time,associated with pixilated imaging-based movement detection technology.

Aside from calculating position information of a moving object 10located above the transparent barrier 15 and within the field of view ofthe position sensitive detector 14, a change in position and pressureapplied along the surface of the transparent barrier 15 may also betracked and calculated. A change in pressure applied to the surface ofthe transparent barrier may be detected when relatively elastic objects10, such as fingers, are used and at least one of the light sources ispassed through the barrier. When additional pressure is placed on thesurface of the transparent barrier by a relatively elastic object, theelastic object may further deform from its original shape to cover anadditional surface area of transparent barrier 15 resulting inadditional light being reflected from the light source into thedetector.

In some embodiments multiple sources of electromagnetic radiation may beused. The electromagnetic waves emitted from each of the light sourcesmay be uniquely modulated in the time or frequency domain in order toidentify and distinguish the originating light source of reflected wavesmeasured at the detector.

FIG. 7 shows an embodiment with two sources 23 and 25 emittingelectromagnetic radiation at different frequencies. The verticallystriped triangular region 21 shows an exemplary range of red light wavesemitted from light source 23, while the horizontally striped triangularregion 27 shows an exemplary range of blue light waves emitted fromlight source 25. The horizontally and vertically criss-crossed regionshows the overlapping range of red 21 and blue 27 light. The solid linetriangular region 22 shows the field of view of detector 24.

In some embodiments, having more than one uniquely modulated lightsource 23 and 25 may allow calculation of position or movement in threedimensions by triangulating the position of the object based on thedetected position of the reflected waves from the multiple light sourcesat the detector. In an embodiment, a distance between an object 20, andlight sources 23 and 25, or other position relative to a light source 23or 25 or detector 24 may be calculated. This calculation may be based ona triangulated location of the object based on the measured position ofthe reflected waves at the detector.

Aside from using multiple LEDs encoded either in time domain orfrequency domain to enhance spatial information about the object in 3Dspace, other modulation codes can be applied to LEDs of different colorsof light. In that case, spectrometric information about the object canbe measured as well as spatial information described previously. Aclassic example of this is measurement of blood oxygen as in pulseoximetry, where two colors of light are used (there are many choices butwavelengths near 660 nm and 940 nm are often selected) to performspectrometry on the blood inside the body. The PPG at each of thewavelengths may be measured independently. The technique can be extendedto many colors of light. In some applications, the selected wavelengthof the light sources may result in more accurate measurements. Forexample, two or more light sources may be used to measure blood oxygenlevels, with each light source (at different wavelength) producingindependent PPG signals.

The PPG signals for pulse oximetry may be calculated from the measuredPPG signals at each of the wavelengths. (see, for example, FIG. 10). ThePPG signals may be measured by calculating the DC signal level and theAC amplitude at wavelengths λ₁ and λ₂. The ratio:

$R = \frac{\left( \frac{I_{AC}}{I_{DC}} \right)\lambda_{1}}{\left( \frac{I_{AC}}{I_{DC}} \right)\lambda_{2}}$

is a measure of the saturated blood oxygen. The connection between R andthe actual blood oxygen may be based on simple physical theory or anempirically measured fit between R and blood oxygen levels. This medicalinformation may be provided in an embodiment in conjunction with objecttracking functionality.

FIG. 8 shows another exemplary configuration where a light source 32 maybe positioned to emit light waves into the transparent barrier 34. Whenan object, such as a finger 30, touches the surface of the transparentbarrier 34 within the field of view 31 of detector 33, the light wavesfrom the light source 32 may be reflected from the barrier 34 into thedetector 33. In an embodiment, the relative opacity and surface area ofthe object covering the transparent barrier 34 may directly affect theamount of light from the light source 32 that is reflected into thedetector 33. In an embodiment, the amount of light from the light source32 reflected into the detector 33 may only vary if an object comes intocontact with some portion of the surface area of the transparent barrier34. In such an embodiment, the amount of light from the light source 32reflected into the detector 33 may not change if an object does not comeinto direct contact with the surface of the transparent barrier 34 evenif the field of view 31 of the detector 33 extends beyond the surface ofthe transparent barrier 34.

Also, elastic objects such as a finger will scatter more light as theobject is pressed against the barrier and the surface area of the objectin contact with the barrier increases. This may be used as a proxy forthe pressure and used to create the effect of pressure sensing, whichmay be used in both creating rich user interfaces (pressure may be usedfor zooming, highlighting, drawing effects).

Another important aspect of measurement of pressure may be related tothe measurements of PPGs. For example, if PPGs are measured at thefinger tip, then the heart beat signal vanishes as the finger is pressedagainst the barrier. The change in the shape of PPG vs. pressure may beused to deduce blood pressure.

Since motion may be tracked while measuring PPG, the motion informationmay be used to improve the PPG readings by reducing erroneous readingsin the light intensity measured by the detector due to the motion. Whenmeasuring changes in total light intensity over time, changes in totalintensity due to lateral motion of the finger may be accounted for inthe calculated intensity to more accurately measure the intrinsicchanges to the total intensity. In an embodiment, movement effects maybe accounted for by either correcting the measurement data or rejectingmeasurement data during motion.

Traditionally, PPG's have only measured total intensity and not changesin the thickness or position of a pulsating artery as the PPG ismeasured. In an embodiment, both the changes in thickness and positionof a pulsating artery may be measured. These measurements may provideadditional clinical information on arterial compliance, which may becorrelated to PPG measurements.

FIG. 9 shows a graph of the relative change over time in one heart beatperiod of the PPG intensity and the motion of the centroid of the PPG onthe barrier. The dashed line shows the relative change over time of themeasured PPG light intensity 91. The solid line shows the relativechange over time of the motion of the detected centroid 92 of the PPGmeasurements on the barrier. The relative change of unity in the graphin position of the centroid is approximately 1 μm.

In some embodiments, multiple light sources, each tagged with uniquemodulation code in frequency or time domain, may be used. Some of thelight sources may emit light into a volume of space, as shown in FIGS. 6and 7, while others may emit light that may be confined to thetransparent barrier as shown in FIG. 8. The light sources emit lightinto the volume of space may be used to measure data of objects abovethe surface of the barrier, while those that emit light into thetransparent barrier may be used to measure data of objects touching thesurface of the barrier.

In an embodiment, when a finger or other body part proximate to flowingblood is held relative still in an area within the field of view of aposition sensitive detector having a high dynamic range, certain medicalinformation including heart rate and optical heart waveforms, also knownas photoplethysmograph (PPG), may be calculated from the intensity ofthe reflected light measured at the detector. In an embodiment, a highdynamic range may exceed 50 dB and may be configured to be between 80and 100 dB, though other ranges may also be used in other embodiments.Other medical information, such as blood oxygen information may becalculated in a embodiment through a pulse oximetry type technique bycomparing measured intensities of reflected light at the detector fromtwo light sources having different wavelengths. Other medicalinformation that may be obtained from reflected electromagneticradiation may also be calculated. In an embodiment, one of the lightsources may have a wavelength around 660 nm while the other light sourcemay have a wavelength around 900 nm, though in other embodimentsdifferent wavelengths may be used. For example, using three or morecolors may result in improved measurement of blood oxygen or other bloodchemicals depending on the selected wavelengths.

Embodiments of the invention may be used to track hundreds of lightsources (each at different wavelengths, if necessary) simultaneously. Inan embodiment, recording PPG data at various finger or other body partpressures against the barrier may provide a data set that may be usedfor measurement of blood pressure or for providing feedback to the userto apply optimal pressure for best readings. A graphical user interfacemay be used to provide feedback to the user to adjust the position orpressure of the finger or body part on the transparent barrier toimprove the accuracy of results.

FIG. 10 shows exemplary data that may measured in an embodiment. Theright side of FIG. 10 shows an exemplary heartbeat photoplethysmograph(PPG) 41, a magnified PPG 42, and a calculated heart rate 43 of anindividual placing a finger on the surface of an exemplary transparentbarrier. The left side of FIG. 10 shows the detected movements 40 of theindividual's finger on the transparent barrier as well as the intensityof the light 44 from the light source that was reflected by the user'sfinger into the detector.

Different combinations of the above features and functions may becombined in different devices using a single set of light sources anddetectors. Thus, in a device is it possible to use one light source andone light detector or one pair of light sources and one pair of lightdetectors to perform one or more of the following functions: locatingthe position of an object; tracking movement of an object; measuring adistance to an object; calculating a change in pressure applied to asurface; determining an individual's heart rate; calculating anindividual's optical heart waveform or photoplethysmograph; andcalculating an individuals blood oxygen content through pulse oximetry.Accordingly, embodiments of the invention may be incorporated intodevices where such functionality is desired.

In an embodiment, a position sensitive detector for measuring PPG mayprovide feedback to a user to assist the user in placing a body part atan optimal location relative to the sensor. An ordinary photodetectorwould not be able to provide such feedback. Additionally, in anembodiment, simultaneous tracking of finger pressure and PPG may allowone to deduce blood pressure with some calibration in an embodiment.

Embodiments of the invention may be included device such as cell phones,navigation equipment, laptops, computers, remote controllers, computernavigation devices, electronic devices, televisions, video players,cameras, watches, portable devices, telephones, and any other device.Embodiments of the invention may be used in portable devices where spaceis at a premium; since the same circuitry may be used to performmultiple functions, redundant systems may be eliminated thereby savingspace. For example, the position location and/or movement trackingfeatures maybe combined with the medical information functionality, suchas heart rate, optimum heart waveform, and/or blood oxygen contentmeasurements to assist a user in repositioning a finger or other bodypart to obtain optimum results. Other combinations of different featuresand functionality previously mentioned may also be implemented in otherembodiments.

1-40. (canceled)
 41. A device comprising: a source emittingelectromagnetic radiation into a volume of space, the source modulatedto reduce an effect of ambient radiation on the measurement; a positionsensitive detector measuring a position of the electromagnetic radiationreflected off an object in the volume of space; and electronics tocalculate a position of the object in the volume of space based on theposition of the measured reflected radiation.
 42. The device of claim41, wherein the calculated position of the object updates as the objectis moved.
 43. The device of claim 41, wherein the electronics furthercalculates an intensity of the reflected radiation.
 44. The device ofclaim 41, wherein the source and the detector are co-located on atwo-dimensional plane.
 45. The device of claim 41, wherein the sourceand the detector are co-located in a device.
 46. The device of claim 41,further comprising a transparent barrier between the object and thedetector, wherein the reflected radiation travels through the barrier.47. The device of claim 41, wherein the source and the detector aremodulated in a time domain.
 48. The device of claim 41, wherein thesource is modulated in a frequency domain.
 49. The device of claim 46,wherein the source is co-located with the detector on a same side of thebarrier.
 50. The device of claim 49, wherein the source is configured toemit radiation through the barrier.
 51. The device of claim 50, whereinthe detector measures the position of the electromagnetic radiationreflected off an object when the object is touching a surface of thebarrier and the electronics calculate movement of the object on thesurface of the barrier.
 52. The device of claim 50, wherein theelectronics are able to continuously calculate movement as the objectmoves between the volume of space and the barrier surface.
 53. A methodcomprising: emitting electromagnetic radiation from a source into avolume of space; reflecting the emitted radiation off an object in thevolume of space; detecting a position of the reflected radiation at aposition sensitive detector; modulating the emission and detection ofthe radiation to reduce an effect of ambient radiation on the detection;and calculating a position of the object in the volume of space from thedetected position of reflected radiation.